Òåñò: 21
Ñïèñîê âîïðîñîâ
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1. In the mural on the wall of a library in the Pope's Palace in the Vatican, Aristotle is depicted holding his hand down to the earth. Plato is pictured holding his hand upwards to the sky. What do these hand gestures symbolize? |
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| 1) Both philosophers’ views on proof of God’s existence. | |
| 2) Both philosophers’ views on the organization of society. | |
| 3) Both philosophers’ views on the nature of human psychology. | |
| 4) Both philosophers’ views on the source of true knowledge. | |
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2. In 2017, scientists observed the merging of two neutron stars for the first time. What theory did this observation support? |
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| 1) The observation supported Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. | |
| 2) The observation supported Isaac Newton’s law of gravity. | |
| 3) The observation supported Isaac Newton’s laws of motion. | |
| 4) The observation supported Albert Einstein’s theory regarding heavy metals. | |
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3. Why did governments around the world ban CFC-11? |
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| 1) Because scientists discovered it increases the density of the ozone layer, which can lead to more UV radiation, and thus, more cancer among humans, among other negative effects. | |
| 2) Because scientists discovered it puts holes in the ozone layer, which can lead to more UV radiation, and thus, more cancer among humans, among other negative effects. | |
| 3) Because economists reasoned it would benefit the global economy by increasing competition in industry. | |
| 4) Because scientists discovered it increases the spread of deadly diseases, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. | |
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4. What is/are the primary goal(s) of philosophers of science? |
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| 1) To tell scientists how to do their jobs | |
| 2) To write grants for scientists to obtain funding for research. | |
| 3) To ask questions about what science is, how it works, and what role it should play in our society. | |
| 4) To definitively answer questions about what science is, how it works, and what role it should play in our society. | |
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5. Âîïðîñ 5 Tortoises living on islands in the Galapagos archipelago with lush vegetation have dome shaped shells, but tortoises living on nearby islands with sparse vegetation have saddleback shells that allow them to reach higher up. What would biologists say this is an example of? |
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| 1) Adaptation, or good “fit” between a species and its environment. | |
| 2) Divine intervention | |
| 3) Divine intervention | |
| 4) Morphological change during the lifetime of individual organisms | |
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6. Which scientist is well-known for outlining the mechanism by which populations of organisms adapt to their environments? What was that mechanism and how does it work? |
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| 1) Charles Darwin; natural selection, which states that minute changes in individual organisms culminates over many generations into significant morphological changes. | |
| 2) Charles Darwin; native preference, which states that nature prefers lineages of organisms that have been in an environment the longest. | |
| 3) James Watson; natural selection, which states that minute changes in individual organisms culminates over many generations into significant morphological changes. | |
| 4) James Watson; native preference, which states that nature prefers lineages of organisms that have been in an environment the longest. | |
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7. Peter and Rosemary Grant studied the Medium Ground Finch on Daphne Major Island in the Galapagos for 40 years. What did they find and how did their project’s results support Darwin’s theory of natural selection? |
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| 1) They found that finches with smaller beaks did better in periods of extreme precipitation, when hard, woody seeds were the only available food. These individuals then passed their larger beak trait on to their offspring. This supports the idea that changes in the environment lead to changes in the populations of organisms living in that environment. | |
| 2) They found that finches with larger beaks did better in periods of extreme drought, when hard, woody seeds were the only available food. These individuals then passed their larger beak trait on to their offspring. This supports the idea that changes in the environment lead to changes in the populations of organisms living in that environment. | |
| 3) They found that the beaks of individual finches changed during the lifetime of the animal. These individuals then passed their different beak traits on to their offspring. This supports the idea that minute changes individuals can lead to significant changes in populations over time. | |
| 4) They found that finches with larger beaks did better in periods of extreme drought, when hard, woody seeds were the only available food. These individuals then passed their larger beak trait on to their offspring. This supports the idea that changes in beak shape lead to changes in the environment. | |
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8. Why did redshifts tell Hubble the universe was expanding? |
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| 1) When a galaxy at the edge of our universe speeds away from our galaxy, its light waves are stretched from higher frequencies light waves, like red, to lower frequencies light waves, like blue. If the universe was static, Hubble wouldn’t have observed these shifts. | |
| 2) When a galaxy at the edge of our universe speeds away from our galaxy, its light waves are stretched from higher frequencies light waves, like blue, to lower frequencies light waves, like red. If the universe was static, Hubble wouldn’t have observed these shifts. | |
| 3) When a galaxy at the edge of our universe speeds towards our galaxy, its light waves are stretched from higher frequencies light waves, like blue, to lower frequencies light waves, like red. If the universe was static, Hubble wouldn’t have observed these shifts. | |
| 4) When a galaxy at the edge of our universe speeds away from our galaxy, its light waves are stretched from higher frequencies light waves, like blue, to lower frequencies light waves, like red. If the universe was static, Hubble wouldn’t have observed these shifts. | |
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9. What does the theory of the greenhouse effect state? |
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| 1) The theory says that gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, trap the sun's heat in the Earth's atmosphere, much like a greenhouse. | |
| 2) The theory says that gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, release the sun's heat in the Earth's atmosphere, much like a greenhouse. | |
| 3) The theory says that gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap the sun's heat in the Earth's atmosphere, much like a greenhouse. | |
| 4) The theory says that gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, release the sun's heat in the Earth's atmosphere, much like a greenhouse. | |
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10. How do scientists know global warming is primarily the result of human activity and not changes in natural phenomena, such as volcano eruptions or an increase in the sun’s emission of heat? |
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| 1) Because when scientists do their calculations, they can ignore natural causes because they remain static through time. | |
| 2) Because even when scientists factor in natural causes of global warming, they’ve found that these phenomena can’t account for record warming we’ve seen. | |
| 3) Because they found volcanic eruptions actually decrease global warming. | |
| 4) They don’t actually know that that global warming is primarily the result of human activity. | |
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11. What’s the primary reason why psychologists still debate the nature of young children’s understanding (or lack thereof) of false beliefs? |
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| 1) Because some studies suggest young children can’t attribute false beliefs to others, while others suggest young children have a general inability comprehend false beliefs. | |
| 2) Because some studies suggest young children can attribute false beliefs to others, while others suggest they can’t. | |
| 3) Because some studies suggest young children lack a general inability comprehend false beliefs, while others suggest they do possess this ability. | |
| 4) Because older experiments were found to be unethical and must be discarded. | |
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12. Some philosophers of science argue that when you take a close look at scientific practice, you don’t find much unity at all. Why do I disagree? |
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| 1) Because I argue all of science is united by careful and sophisticated methods of observation. | |
| 2) Because I argue all of scientific theories are united by their refinement over generations of scientists | |
| 3) Because I argue all of science is united by the use of multiple, independent lines of evidence converging one a central explanation of natural phenomena. | |
| 4) All of the above | |